BENEFITS OF THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE Essay Example For Students

Advantages OF THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE Essay Englands first since forever National Minimum Wage (NMW) comes into power this April at a pace of 3.60 an hour for those matured 22 or more and 3.00 an hour for 18-multi year olds. As per Professor David Metcalf, writing in the February Economic Journal, the NMW will help the compensation of almost 2,000,000 workers by 30% by and large. A large portion of the individuals who will profit are female, low maintenance laborers. Metcalf gauges that the NMW will have the accompanying effect on the conveyance of pay, business and exchequer accounts: o Concentrating on working family units, very nearly 66% of the increases from the NMW will accumulate to families in the base fifth of the pay circulation o The exchange affiliations speaking to retailing and friendliness which utilize very nearly a portion of those influenced by the NMW have invited the degree of the NMW, so we can be sensibly sure that the 3.60 an hour rate won't adversy affect occupations. o The NMW will have a comprehensively unbiased impact on exchequer accounts. On the spending side, any investment funds on implies tried advantages will presumably be counterbalanced by a little ascent in the open take care of tab and higher charges for things like security and cleaning. On the income side, personal duty and VAT will rise, yet it is conceivable that this will be somewhat balanced by a fall in enterprise charge. Metcalf, who is an individual from the nine-in number Low Pay Commission (LPC) that consistently prescribed the rate to the legislature, portrays the activity of the LPC, the significant discussions and the plausible effect of the NMW on swelling, work and family unit salary conveyance. He takes note of that from its foundation in July 1997 to its Report a year later, the LPC occupied with an open meeting process. Composed proof was gotten from around 500 associations and formal oral proof was taken from 47 agent gatherings of managers, associations and weight gatherings. The LPC visited 61 urban communities, towns and towns over the UK and held more than 200 straight to the point, open gatherings during such visits. Margaret Beckett, at that point Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, depicted the LPC as a model type of social association. Notwithstanding the proof picked up during these visits around the nation, three principle factors impacted the decision of the NMW: o The old piecemeal arrangement of the lowest pay permitted by law security the Wage Councils canceled in 1993 gave a benchmark to the NMW in light of the fact that there was no proof that the base rates they set prompted work misfortunes. o International proof on rates and inclusion high in France and lower in the United States, for instance gave accommodating comparators. o The expense and inclusion were vital. The Bank of England and the Treasury positively needed the expense to be under 1% of the national pay bill (in the occasion, it is 0.6%) and worldwide proof highlighted a maximum breaking point on inclusion of around 10% (the out-turn is 9%). A lower youth rate was the most dubious issue talked about and suggested by the LPC. It was felt that youths lower efficiency and higher joblessness supported a lower NMW. From April, this applies to those matured 18-21 (16 and multi year olds are totally excluded) yet the LPC have been approached to choose whether, from 2000, those matured 21 ought to be paid the grown-up or youth rate. Toward the start of this century, Harold Spender contended for a plimsoll line for work just as boats a line to restrict the degree of hazard and enduring to which a laborer is to be subject. As the century closes, Metcalf notes, British representatives have finally accomplished that plimsoll line. .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead , .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .postImageUrl , .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead , .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:hover , .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:visited , .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:active { border:0!important; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:active , .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6cc65d0284215e5acaf048a4a16feead:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: 1984 versus Brave New World EssayNote for Editors: The Low Pay Commission and the National Minimum Wage by David Metcalf is distributed in the February 1999 issue of the Economic Journal. Educator Metcalf is Deputy Director of the Center for Economic Performance (CEP) at the London School of Economics; and an individual from the Low Pay Commission, a legal body accused of suggesting and assessing the NMW. Its first Report was The National Minimum Wage, CM3976, June 1998. contentions for the national the lowest pay permitted by law The primary point is to decrease neediness and to .

Performance Analysis and Simulations Performances Decision Making

Question: Portray about the Performance Analysis and Simulations for Performances Decision Making. Answer: Outline of Report This report looks at Erie, a sensor fabricating companys execution and dynamic. It incorporates the center goal of the organization to turn into a market head by applying financially savvy creation framework and giving great quality items to its clients. This report additionally incorporates how well the organization manages its clients, rivals and market patterns. The organization manages its client on the purchasing rules of various items. This shows organization manages its clients in a compelling manner as it has partitioned item portions according to client needs. Consequently, the organization offers seven items, in particular, Eat, Ebb, Echo, Edge, Egg, Eqi, and Expres under five classes, viz. conventional, low-end, top of the line, execution and size, separately. Then again, Company likewise manages its rivals in an effective manner in light of the fact that the piece of the overall industry of Erie is most noteworthy among its rivals in all rounds. Erie is viable in managing market slants that assists with snatching more open doors for development later on. In addition, this report incorporates recognizing the level of achievement that organization had in accomplishing its expressed objectives. The level of progress relies upon different components including investors esteem, deals, benefit, and piece of the overall industry. These elements are compelling pointers of better execution and possibilities of the organization. All the variables mirror the accomplishment of organization in accomplishing its objectives all through all the rounds. Besides, this report incorporates examination about business-choices that have been taken as chief for accomplishing the objectives of organization. On the off chance that choices are taken in a viable way, at that point it prompts increment in efficiency and productivity for the association. Accordingly, this report viably features the presentation of various divisions which assists with distinguishing what choices were acceptable and which were poor. Powerful client mindfulness and client availability of Erie when contrasted with its rivals shows that the advertising choices of organization were effective. This prompts increment in deals and benefit of the organization. In addition, the financing choices of organization were recognized as poor due to incapable usage of investors cash and resources of the organization. Be that as it may, in regard of giving profit to its investors, money related choices assume a viable job. This report likewise remembers adequacy of organization for taking creation related choices which are useful in expanding gainfulness of the organization which is reflected from decrease in direct expenses all through all the rounds. Aside from showcasing, money and creation division, this report additionally features the significance of TQM and RD. Both of these variables are significant for expanding productivity and keeping up supportability of the business by expanding quality and proficiency in accessibility of the items to its clients. Furthermore, Eries interest in RD and TQM assists with making log-term benefits for the organization which is reflected in all the rounds. Investigation of Companys Performance Organization Goal Erie is a sensor producing organization that fabricates sensor gadgets for cameras, biometric gadgets and labs-on-a-chip. The objective of this organization is to turn into a market head. It needs to amplify the benefit utilizing savvy creation framework and give most excellent item to the clients. The organization needs to make a procedure to break down the market and to facilitate exercises. Technique The organization utilizes separation technique, wherein it fabricates 7 distinct items to meet the necessities of various classification of clients. Under this technique, organization separates its image from others. It looks to make the item increasingly appealing by its exceptional characteristics as contrast with different results of the contenders (Ferrell Hartline 2010). This technique can give some section obstructions to contenders because of the devotion of clients. Fruitful item separation can give an upper hand to the merchant. Organization execution Clients: Throughout all rounds, by and large execution of the organization is acceptable. Right off the bat, organization broke down the clients of the organization dependent on various standards like value, needs, execution, size, and some more. Organization managed the clients as indicated by the purchasing models of client for various item. Eries items have been separated by the various sections, for example, conventional, low end, very good quality, execution and size. For instance each portion clients has diverse value desire like low end section clients attempt to discover sensibly estimated item. Be that as it may, top of the line section clients, who need best item, are eager to address significant expense for item. In addition, each fragment has distinctive age desires, which is time span. Customary portion clients incline toward innovation that has been in the market for scarcely any years while very good quality clients need fresh out of the plastic new innovation. MTBF (mean time before disappointment) of an item predicts number of hours that an item is required to worked before it comes up short (Smith 2011). Execution portions client are keen on better MTBF while low end clients are happy with low MTBF. What's more, mix of size and execution portion is called situating. From the above conversation, it has been dissected that organization manages the clients in a compelling manner, since organization partitioned its items as per the need of clients. Contenders: Throughout the rounds, Eries contenders have been portrayed by the piece of the overall industry of the organization. There were 6 organizations in sensor showcase including Erie. All through the all rounds piece of the overall industry of the organization was more when contrasted with its rivals. Organization was consistently a market chief over the rounds. Thus, the organization satisfied its goal. Besides, it very well may be said that organization manage its rivals in an effective manner. Market pattern: To take choice that how well or not Erie managed the market pattern, it tends to be chosen through the examination of profit paid by organization to the investors. In the cycle 1 organization paid separated of $1.00 that is lower than its rivals. In any case, over the cycle 2 to cycle 8, profit paid by Erie was $3.00 to $20.00 which more than its rivals (Appendices 4). Market pattern examination helped the organization for the distinguishing proof of chances. Level of accomplishment: Firstly, Erie needed to decide its objectives and goals to decide its level of progress. Organization needed to turn into the market head and expanded its benefits. Then again, organization was given most excellent item to the clients with the successful creation framework. For accomplishing these objectives various factors, for example, investors esteem, deals, benefit, and piece of the overall industry has been thought of, which decided the level of achievement of the organization. Deals: To decide the level of progress, deals of the organization assumes essential job for accomplishing its objectives. Companys deals were legitimately influenced by the interest of the item. Request of the item relied on the mindfulness and openness of the client for various portion items. Over the rounds, openness and mindfulness for Eries item by the client is powerful. That implies item was effectively accessible to client close by their region so the deals between the round 1($165,269,201) to cycle 8 ($353,245,256) was expanding (Appendices 2). Figure: 1 Benefit: Profit assumes a significant job to decide the accomplishment of the organization. All through the rounds, organization accomplished most extreme benefit. Over the 6 rounds, benefit of the organization was consistently expanding yet after the cycle 6, benefit of the organization was possibly diminished from $41,577,712 to $34,054,022, the explanation for this was immediate cost (Appendices 3). Direct expense and benefit legitimately related with one another. The expense of the organization was expanded in the cycle 7 and 8 so benefit of the organization has diminished. In spite of the fact that, benefit of the organization was diminished, the organization had the option to keep up its situation as market pioneer. It tends to be said that organization had effectively accomplished its objective of benefit expansion. Figure: 2 Piece of the overall industry: Market portion of the organization expanded persistently that was useful in accomplishing the objectives of the organization. Piece of the pie of the organization has been resolved by deals and contenders. For the most part, piece of the pie is determined by estimating deals of the organization. Over the cycle 1 to cycle 7, deals of the organization were expanding with the goal that piece of the pie was persistently expanded from 23.37% to 25.06% (Appendices 1). Erie has great piece of the overall industry when contrasted with its rivals that implies organization turned into a market chief and it satisfied its target. Figure: 3 Investors esteem: Shareholders esteem is useful in deciding the achievement of the organization. In this organization there were various factors, for example, profit, yield, and income per share that decide investors esteem. Profit is known as all out profit of the financial specialist for their speculation. Profit assumes significant job in the formation of riches. Over the cycle 1 to cycle 8, profit paid by Erie was consistently expanding from $1.00 to $20.00 with the goal that investor put more in the organization and it assisted with keeping up the piece of the pie (Appendices 4). Also, income per share for Eries investor were expanding all through the rounds from ($0.10) to $4.04 (Appendices 4). Income per share are a valuable proportion of the productivity, when it is contrasted and its rivals. It shows the administration execution that how much cash organization was making for its investors. Over the rounds, EPS of this organization has been expanding, which means advertise cost of offer has expanded. This was useful to break down the winning limit of organization. Then again, hey

Research Challenge Case Study Investigation Example

Research Challenge Case Study Investigation Example Research Challenge Case Study Investigation â€" Case Study Example > A third pipe systemThird pipe system entails development linked to recycled water. It is also a form of a commercially-generated recycled water system in which non-portable water by the providers of services to a household as well as industrial use passes through. It is also a system providing a non-portable and reticulated supply of water and utilizes various sets of pipes. Examples of non-portable residential utilization of water include toilet flushing and garden watering. Several households are linked to the third pipe system. The system is also utilized to ensure a supply of untreated ground water for the use outdoor as well as for irrigation by the public. Finally, the third pipe system is used for the delivery of alternate water (Lane, Haas, Lant, 2012, p. 17). Quality and sources of waterMelbourne is one of the regions with quality drinking water in the globe. However, the quality differs depending on the area. The region’s water supplies recycle water to companies reta iling water, who then ensure the distribution to the customers. The recycled water is safe for outdoor purpose as it meets the Department of Health and EPA Victoria requirements. Being a dry area, alternate water mainly through recycling is essential for outdoor uses. Most of the water are primarily from protected as well as remote catchments meaning that minimal treatment is required. About 70 percent of Melbourne's population have their water from open sources, and the water is disinfected. The management of the filtration plants for water is by Melbourne Water. The plants ensure the removal of harmful microorganisms as well as sediments from drinking water. Once the treatment is done, the next step is disinfection of the same. Melbourne Water is also active in ensuring that the supplied water is at its highest quality by providing a continuous improvement of the process of disinfection. The quality of the drinking water is essential to the satisfaction of the customers (Melbour ne Water Corporation 2011, p. 3). Case StudiesCase OneAurora is a large scale as well as a residential third pipe system in Victoria. It was the first third pipe system in Victoria and among the first in Australia. The water re-use scheme of Aurora is a part of Greenfield housing development in the Northern urban fringe of Melbourne, in the City of Whittlesea. The launching of the project was 2006, and it was meant to serve 8500 homes with recycled water for laundry, toilet flushing, public open space irrigation, as well as garden watering, once it is completed in 2025-2030. Its development was faced with uncertainty as well as severe consequences. Embarking on the scheme of water re-use called for the exploration of new grounds. Risk assessment in this unfamiliar terrain exposed surprising comprehensions about the less examined approaches to water and sewer provision for the water of Yalla valley. Continued difficulties of operation have constrained the actually recycled water vo lume. Inexpensive raw land, as well as the remoteness from the services of sewage, offered the chance to show the role of recycling of water in sustainable housing development. The water re-use scheme idea was developer-led. Two critical factors determined the viability of the Aurora third pipe system and these are the costs of cheap raw land as well as the implementation of a project on a large scale to ensure the distribution of expenditure over numerous households (Willis, Stewart, Williams, Hacker, Emmonds, Capati 2011, p. 201).

Bullying The Common Way Of Bullying - 979 Words

Melissa Grimes Trossman Composition 7 December 2015 Bullying Bullying is being mean to another person over and over. Bullying includes many different forms: teasing, saying something to hurt another person, spreading rumors, attacking someone or hitting them, or leaving someone out on purpose. (stopbullying.gov). There are three types of bullying: emotional, physical and cyberbullying. Students are bullied for many different reasons. Reasons such as weight, race, skin color, height, educational performance, and health conditions. Cyberbullying is when someone is bullied on line (Types of Bullying). This is the most common way of bullying because the person bullying can hide behind a screen and may feel like they have power. There are different things that people will bully you on over the internet. They could call you names, if you don’t have a lot of followers as them, have more followers than you follow, your photo isn’t good enough. These are the things that teenagers worry about (Steinmetz). Emotionally bullying is when some one is constantly calling you names, making fun of your looks, the way you dress, etc. This type of bullying usually occurs when there are two friends who are in a fight and this is how they get their anger out. But either way it is still bullying (Types of Bullying). Physically bullying someone is any kind of threat or putting your hands on someone. It can range from hitting someone every time you see them to purposely shoulder checking them.Show MoreRelatedBullying Is A Modern Threat Of The Security Of Many People Around The World1726 Words   |  7 Pagesin their life. Bullying can be so extreme that it can bring physical harm to some people. Bullying is a modern threat to the security of many people around the world. To figure out the personality of a bully we need to define types of bullying, causes of bullying, traits of bullies and possible cures of bullying. The first subject that needs clarification is the types of bullying. There are many different types of bullying in the modern world. There are four basic types of bullying; there is physicalRead MoreBullying Effects900 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and Effects of Bullying Every year, approximately 7 percent of students report to being bullied (â€Å"Physical†). Most people know bullying is wrong, but it continues to play a dominating role in the lives of adolescents. Whether the bullying was done by spreading rumors, calling someone names or through the Internet, there are many different causes of bullying, why it occurs, and how it effects the victim. The causes of bullying can influence how the bully decides to target a victim. VictimsRead MoreBullying Is The Rise Across The Nation1636 Words   |  7 PagesBullying is on the rise across the nation. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, 30 percent of students of students were bullied during the 2010-2011 school year. Whether verbal or physical, bullying has a negative effect on the victims. Students who are bullied often experience depression, loneliness, anxiety, and isolation. The common types of bullying in a school setting are physical and verbal. With the rise in the use of social media, cyberbullying has become a big problemRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Issue852 Words   |  4 Pagesoverlooked. This issue happens to be bullying. Many people would be led to believe that bullying is something that only takes place in schools, commonly among younger children. Contrary to what many may think, this is extremely inaccurate. Bullying takes place before our eyes each and every day. Bullying can take place at school, work, and online. This issue is something that should be addressed by everyone and should be avoided at all costs. What is bullying? Bullying is defined as â€Å"repeated acts ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1203 Words   |  5 Pagesfather had been jailed for hitting her† (Goad). Bullying has been a major problem in our society. The power of bullying can ruin someone’s life. Nothing good can ever come from bullying no matter how it happens. Bullying has been around for a long time, and it must come to an end. Bullying should be stopped because of the terrible and heartbreaking outcomes. To begin, the power of bullying is disgraceful land will always have a negative outcome. Bullying occurs when someone is repeatedly harmed by someoneRead MoreBullying and Cyberbullying: An Analysis870 Words   |  3 Pagesthe two genders (boys or girls) are more involved in bullying, an analysis of findings will be conducted. As the aim of the research is to focus on boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 (grades 8 to 12), it is important that the types of bullying that are relevant to the age group are looked at. With the advancement of technology, most teenagers in high school are active users of social networking. This leads to cyber bullying. Cyber bullying includes sending â€Å"text messages or messages over socialRead MoreBullying essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of bullying happening all the time. A community member heard about the severity of this case. She stepped in and volunteered to serve on and start an anti-bullying campaign at the middle school. Her program was based on the education of bullying. Bullying, what is bullying? It’s defined as the â€Å"Use of superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what one wants.† There are many types of bullying, Physical Bullying#, Verbal Bullying, Social BullyingRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying941 Words   |  4 PagesThere are different ways to describe bullying. Stopbullying.gov states the definition of bullying is â€Å"unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance.† Webster’s dictionary portrays the definition of bullying is to frighten, hurt, or threaten (a smaller or weaker person): to act like a bully toward (someone), or to cause (someone) to do something by making threats or insults or by using force. Violenceproventionworks.org mentions A personRead MoreBullying Is The Most Common Form Of Bullying916 Words   |  4 Pagespeople are like this student, yet no one bothers. Not only p hysical, but bullying can also occur in verbal, emotional, and sexual. Verbal bullying can affect people as much as any other types can. This is probably the most common form of bullying because it occurs without even knowing. Even people in authorities can have a hard time detecting verbal bullying because there is no obvious signs of it, like a physical bullying would have. Moreover, girls are usually the victims and violator. They excludeRead MoreCyber Bullying And Social Media1110 Words   |  5 Pagescomputers were not common (Social Media Bullying, 2014). Fast forward to the present day and it has become less common for a person to not have a computerised device in their palm or pocket. With the ease of access to a social world comes upsides and downsides to the way our society has shifted and evolved. The mass use of media allows individuals to stay in easy, constant contact with loved ones or people geographically across the globe from us. It also allows for an effortless way for individuals

No Different Than Murder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1783 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Murder Essay Did you like this example? Abortion: No Different Than Murder By Emily Dedert English 102 John Wood Community College Professor Fodor 11/16/2008 There are approximately 3,700 unborn children that die a day in the United States. These deaths are not due miscarriages or stillbirths because they are no accidents. These deaths are intentional and deliberate due to abortions. Abortion is the unnatural and premature, forced expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is able to survive on its own, ending an innocent life; this act is no difference than murder and should therefore be illegalized. At the moment of conception, a new life is formed and there is no justification for ending an innocent life. There are alternatives to abortion so the value of human life does not be degraded and sacrificed for the life of another, so why not illegalize abortion and prevent over 1,000,000 babies from being murdered every year? At the moment of conception, a human life with its own unique DNA comes into being (B. A. Robinson). All inherited traits and features of this new life are set and the plan is present or all that this new life will ever live up to be. Those who are pro-life and pro-choice believe that once human personhood starts, that human life must be protected (B. A. Robinson). The problem, however, is that a common decision cannot be made as to when human personhood begins. Pro-lifers believe that life begins at conception when unique DNA becomes present. According the Bible, however, personhood begins when blood first appears in the pre-embryo around 18 days after conception. Pro-choicers believe that life becomes person a long time after conception when the fetus can survive on its own, breathing as an independent and separate person. They argue that a pre-embryo has no human shape, skin, brain, or other organs and is not conscious therhuman efore not a person (B. A. Robinson). By the 21st day of pregnancy the unborn child’s heart begins to beat; this is around the same time the mother misses her period and begins to wonder if she could be pregnant. A day later the eyes begin to develop and the earliest stages of ears are present. By the 27th day the lungs begin to form and by 8 weeks every organ is present. For the woman who learns that she is pregnant, her life changes dramatically and her actions have been affecting the child inside of her without her even knowing it. There should be no argument as to when life begins; life begins at the moment of conception when everything changes for the woman carrying that child. October 5-Today my life began. My parents do not know it yet, I am as small as a seed of an apple, but it is I already. And I am to be a girl. I shall have blonde hair and blue eyes. Just about everything is settled though, even the fact that I shall love flowers. October 19-Some say I am not a real person yet, that only my mother exists. But I am a real person, just as a small crumb of beard is yet truly bread. My mot her is. And I am. October 23-My mouth is just beginning to open now. Just think, in a year or so I shall be laughing and later talking. I know what my first work will be: MAMA. October 25-My heart began to beat today†¦ November 12- Tiny fingers are beginning to form on my hands. Funny how small they are! I’ll be able to stroke my mother’s hair with them. November 20-It wasn’t until today that the doctor told mom that I am living here under her heart. Oh, how happy she must be! Are you happy, mom? November 25-My mom and dad are probably thinking about a name for me†¦ December 10-My hair is growing†¦ December 13-I am just about able to see. It is dark around me. When mom brings me into the world it will be full of sunshine and flowers. But what I want more than anything is to see my mom†¦ December 24-I wonder if mom hears the whispering of my heart? December 28-Today my mother killed me (Laurie Shrage, Pg 136). There is no great enough re ason or excuse that justifies ending an innocent life. God is the only being that can create life and take it away but unfortunately that does not stop free will or our government from legalizing abortion. 90% of abortions are sought for personal reasons including lack of financial resources, not being ready for the responsibility of raising a child, fear of life changing too much, and not being mature enough. However, if you are not mature enough or responsible enough to have a baby, then why should you be having sex knowing what could come of it? Only 6% of abortions are sought because of medical reasons such as being pregnant at too young of an age, the fetus having a genetic defect or other health problem, or the woman may develop eclampsia which involves a sudden increase in blood pressure and onset of seizures which can have fatal results to both the woman and fetus. Just 1% of abortions are sought because of an abusive sexual act either being rape or an incestuous relation ship (B. A. Robinson). Most abortions are performed during the 7th through 10th weeks of pregnancy when the baby’s face is recognizably human. There are two types of surgical abortions performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. One type is suction-aspiration, in which the abortionist must first paralyze the cervical muscle and then stretch it open. He then inserts a hollow plastic tube that has a knife-like edge on the tip into the uterus. The suction is 29 times more powerful than a home vacuum cleaner and tears the baby’s body into pieces. The second type is dilation and curettage. It is much like the suction procedure except that a curette, a loop-shaped steel knife, is inserted into the uterus. The placenta and the baby are cut into pieces and scraped out into a basin; this procedure is known to cause profuse bleeding. There are also two types of second trimester abortions that are performed. Saline amniocentesis is also called induction abortion and is known as salt poisoning abortions. A large needle is inserted through the mother’s abdominal wall and into the baby’s amniotic sac. A concentrated salt solution is then injected into the amniotic fluid and a hour long process of poisoning begins to kill the baby. Once injected, the baby breathes in and swallows the poison which leads to struggle and convulsions. The mother goes into labor a day later and delivers her dead baby. The dilation and evacuation method of abortion involves live dismemberment of the baby. A pliers-like instrument is used because the baby’s bones and skull are already calcified. The instrument is inserted into the uterus, seizes a part of the baby’s body, and with a twisting motion tears the baby’s body into pieces. The twisting and tearing is repeated over and over again with no anesthetic used for the baby. The spine is then snapped and the skull is crushed in order to be removed from the so-called mother’s b ody (Abortionfacts. om). Abortions may seem like a solution to a problem for many women, but the truth of the matter is that abortions cause many physical and emotional problems down the road. Some common physical side effects of abortion are cramping, nausea, sweating, feeling faint, heaving bleeding, blood clots, damage to the uterine lining or cervix, perforations of the uterus, and infection. The more serious emotion effects of abortion include Post Abortion Syndrome which includes having feelings of guilt, anxiety, depression, loss, anger, and even suicide (Lawlor 2. 1). Abortion is not the only answer to an unwanted pregnancy. Although it may seem like the easiest solution, the preceding paragraph proves otherwise. The only 100% effective way to not get pregnant is to not have sex; abstinence is the only guaranteed way to prevent pregnancy. If one chooses to have sex then one should also choose to use contraceptives. There is a wide range of contraceptives offered from male condoms to female condoms, and there are numerous forms of birth control for women. Using one type of contraceptive can be effective but using two types increases your chances of not getting pregnant. Adoption is an alternative to abortion that many people seem to forget. Instead of having an abortion and killing an innocent life, go through with the pregnancy and then place the baby up for adoption. There are many people that would love to have a baby but cannot get pregnant so there only option is to adopt. Some women who have been raped say it would be too hard to go through with the pregnancy but they forget about the morning after pill. Women know their bodies and one would know if they had been raped; if that is the case then go to your local hospital or call your doctor and get the morning after pill. The morning after pill works up to 72 hours after sexual intercourse and prevents a pregnancy from ever even occurring. With all of these alternatives it is hard to belie ve that ending an innocent life can be considered right and just. â€Å"The real question today is not when human life begins, but, ‘What is the value of human life? ’ The abortionist who reassembles the arms and legs of a tiny baby to make sure all its parts have been torn from its mother’s body can hardly doubt whether it is a human being. † President Ronald Reagan, (1983). A fetus is living at every stage of pregnancy and no reason is justification for ending and innocent life. Laws are now being passed in several states to illegalize abortion and anyone can help prevent abortions. Go to a local church and ask what services they support that are pro-life or simply be aware of the consequences abortions have on the mother and share that information. The truth about abortion is that it is no different from murder except it was made legal by liberals who believe the woman’s life is more important than the innocent one growing inside of her. Works Cited American Pregnancy Association 2000-2008. â€Å"Surgical Abortion Procedures. † 16 Nov. 2008. https://www. americanpregnancy. org/unplannedpregnancy/surgicalabortions. html Robinson, B. A. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance 2002-2007. 17 Oct. 2008. https://www. religioustolerance. org/abofund. htm Shrage, Laurie. Abortion and Social Responsibility: Depolarizing the Debate. Oxford University Press 2003. Willke, Dr. and Mrs. J. C. â€Å"What Kind and How. † Heritage House ’76, Inc 2006. 17 Oct. 2008. https://www. abortionfacts. com/parsing_the_arguments/parsing_the_arguments. asp Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "No Different Than Murder" essay for you Create order

Understanding Behaviours and Attitudes Towards Social Networking Free Essays

The fast development of social networking that has been detected over the last 2-3 years is indicative of its entry into straight life and it’s mixed with our daily lives. In addition to this, there has also been significant media coverage of the development of social networking, its rapid positive results and worries around the approach. For the purpose of this research report I have intentionally put light on the social and communications facets of social networking sites. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Behaviours and Attitudes Towards Social Networking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The SNS also have some drawbacks associated, such as confusion over privacy settings, probable contact with people one doesn’t know and the unintentional penalties of publicly posting delicate individual material. The purpose of this report is therefore to provide evidence-based insights into the social networking phenomenon which can be used to inform current understanding of usage and societal impacts in the UK, and to help identify some of the current and potential future issues around people’s use of social networking sites. Like other communications tools, social networking sites have certain rules, conventions and practices which users have to navigate to make them understood and avoid difficulties. These range from the etiquette of commenting on other peoples profiles to understanding who one should and shouldn’t add as a ‘friend’. Conceptual Framework Engaging with Social Networking Sites The Social networking sites also preferred to as SNS in the document offer people new and diverse ways to communicate via the internet, from PC or mobile phone. According to Dwyer et al (2007), a social network service focuses on building online communities of people who share interests and/or their activities. Today, there are more than 650 social network sites in the world (Stern, 2006), but no one knows exactly the number. Examples include MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. Creator of SNS authorized people to normally create their own online page, construct and show to online contacts called ‘friend’. According to Boyd (2004), reasons for connecting with friends in social network can be varied and doesn’t unavoidably mean friendship in the daily dialect sense. Users can communicate to other user with the help of their profile they have created. Social networking sites are built for users to interact for different purposes like business, general chatting, meeting with friends and colleagues, etc. SNS offer a gloriously direct tool for what Goffman(1972) calls â€Å"impression management†: the profile page. Just as your choice of clothing and hairstyle signals how you think of yourself (and want others to think of you), so does your choice of profile photo. Many users choose to display the most flattering photographs of themselves that they can. It is also helpful in politics, dating, with the interest of getting numerous advantages with the people they meet. Anecdotal evidence suggests that social interaction with political content of interest is important for young adults (e. g. , Steller, 2008). A study by Conners (2005) reported that Democratic Senate candidates were more likely than Republicans to use Meetup, blogs and other interactive online tools in 2004. (ssrn. om)Recently, the use of network sites has increased overtime with the improvement in technology and the use of mobile phone to surf the web and statistics have shown that 90% of people on the internet at one point in time or the other are visiting SNS (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Attitudes and behaviours towards social networking sites Users of Social networkers fall into different groups Social networkers are different in approaches to SNS and in their behaviour while usin g them. The site users come under five distinct groups. These are as follows: * Leading Socialisers – (a minority) people who are using sites intentionally to encounter new folks, flirt and to be entertained. * Attention Seekers – (some) are those people who need attention and comments from others online, normally by posting photos and edit their profiles. * Followers – (many) are those people who joined SNS to follow what their peers are doing. * Faithful – (many) people who normally use SNS to renew old friendships, sometimes from school or university. Functional – (a minority) those person who wants to be single while using SNS for a specific purpose. * Focussed – (Mostly business users – Recently added user group) Some users of the sites will create the profile to research the market’s response in a specific geography for the predictions of their business in their geography. Also, as this is an easier way to reach a wider and global consumer base, many corporate houses globally a re using these social sites to advertise or endorse their products and promotions. Non-users comes under into different groups Non-users come under three groups; these are the group those who don’t use the SNS: * Concerned about safety – those people who are concerned about safety online, in specific creation personal details accessible online. According to Smith (2007), seven per cent of American sample said they had been contacted ‘by a stranger who made them feel scared or uncomfortable’. * Technically inexperienced – those people who don’t have knowledge for using internet and computer. Intellectual rejecters – people don’t have interest in SNS and think that it’s a waste of time. How people use social networking sites Profile Creation People normally create their profiles on the basis of their knowledge. User Profiles are normally set questioned as per the site, so it is very optional and depends upon the person what he needs to publish on the site. Normally Users enjoy editing their profiles, watch ing video, playing online games, posting photos. Users generally enjoy from the process of creating a social network, creating a list of friends and using friend’s list to browse profiles. Users share individual material with a wide range of ‘friends’. Communicating with their friends is the most famous social networking activity, but most of adults use their profile to communicate with people they do not know. A few users also mention negative aspects of social networking, and these included anger at others using sites for self-importance, parties organised online getting out of hand, and online bullying. Privacy and safety Privacy and safety issues on social networking sites did not emerge as ‘top of mind’ for most users. Information exchange activities operationalized as the activities of interaction among members of a community that acts as a source of information for other members to deepen and expand friendship (Gruen et al. , 2006. 2007). At most of the time Users of the SNS leaves privacy settings as default ‘open’. Generally those who are new, they give out sensitive personal information, photographs and other content about themselves. Sites define some subset of a profile (such as the user’s name and affiliation) visible by default for searching and identification. Most sites also allow users to relax or strengthen their definition of public information. Privacy expectations in social networks are based on relationships. Typical social networks support friends and networks with privileged access. (Felt, Adrienne, and Evans, David. (2008). Research Strategy I will do a qualitative research to examine in depth people’s attitudes to online social networking, their behaviours while using social networking ites, and the reasons why they use these sites. This will contain an analysis of the research based on several distinct user and non-user segments. Also, I will research on the positive aspects of social network in relation to marketing and research and use of SNS for global business empowerment. This qualitative research will find the use of and attitudes towards social networking sites (both for users and non-users) falling into several distinct segments. Although qualitative in nature, these segments provide an interesting insight into how people currently use and view social networking sites. They also help to highlight that site users are not a uniform group in terms of use, attitudes or behaviour. It will also explain the importance of the segments for users and non-users on different bases. User segments will be organised on the basis of how users will behave when using social networking sites and the non-user segments will be focused why they will stop using the basis of non-users’ reasons for not using the sites. How to cite Understanding Behaviours and Attitudes Towards Social Networking, Essay examples

Common Law In Jurisdiction Of New Zealand â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Common Law In Jurisdiction Of New Zealand? Answer: Introducation Given the transcendent and wandering attribute of water, which in many respects is akin to elements such as wind and light, legal regimes have been reluctant to accord private property rights to running water.[1] This paper discusses the extent to which water is considered as property under English Common Law in the jurisdiction of New Zealand. The first part of the article examines the legal position of water as property under Common Law. The second part of this paper investigates the extent to which water is property under statutory law and the third part deals with the manner in which New Zealand Courts have dealt with the issue. The fourth part of the paper comprises a comparative analysis of how various countries have dealt with the above question. Background In 1983, the Poroti Springs of New Zealand ran dry and as a result, the koura died, the eels vanished and the watercress ceased to grow.[2] Consequently, the kaitaki locals belonging to the sacred Northland Springs effectively lost their traditional source of food and their life force (mauri). The persons culpable for the above were the Whangarei City Council, who, being unable to access the springhead since it was on Maori territory, decided to drill directly into the aquifer upstream. The result was that so much water was sucked out that, even though the water was seemingly unending, it eventually ran out.[3] With this, Kirsty in her article explains that the battle for water and the arguments for water rights in New Zealand have reached boiling point. Who owns water? Is water capable of being owned? The following discourse is an attempt at answering the questions. The Concept of Property with respect to Water Rights Water rights, in many jurisdictions, have long been considered as an ancillary constituent of land tenure rights. Under this conception, the right to utilize water is usually dependent upon the existence of a right of tenure in land.[4] Water rights, in contrast to land rights, have ranked much lower in popularity profile. This is partly due to the fact that although water is requisite for the most productivity in land, water rights are not necessarily so. Taking the example of agricultural land for instance, for temperate zones, rainfall is usually sufficient to water crops and as such, the need for irrigation is obviated. Water rights are therefore unnecessary in such a case. The cased is different in urban and semi-urban regions as land receives treated water through piped water supply systems. Although the supplier needs to hold water rights for the water he abstracts from the natural source, the users in urban houses depend on the statutory duty owed to them by the supplier and not on water rights. In general, people who dwell in urban areas are usually less concerned with water rights save for huge industrial enterprise operators such as power plants and factories. Such enterprises usually have their own water rights. It is important to note at the foremost that the term water rights must be distinguished from rights to water, which is a putative human right contained in legal instruments.[5] Water rights instead refer to the extraction of water from the natural environment for use. Essentially, water rights are legal rights to dam, use or abstract water from a natural source. Further, however, to the entitlement to a mere quantity of water, the flow of that water is also a salient attribute to water rights.[6] Natural sources of water include lakes, rivers and streams. A natural source would also include water that is dammed from a river, a reservoir and a pond or swamp. Mush of the historical record has focused on the rights of abstracting water from these natural sources. Furthermore, groundwater is another kind of natural source of water important to the present discourse that has special features in the legal regime. It is important to note in passing that water rights are usually and mostly obtained to abstract water for the purposes of domestic and industrial use such as irrigation, drinking, power plant cooling among other uses. With respect to the legal form of water rights, they are created by operation of law, although this varies across jurisdictions (as seen below in the comparative analysis section where the Western States of the USA use the prior appropriation doctrine).[7] In the modern world, water rights are created based on legislative instruments given by governmental agencies charged with the responsibility of managing water resources.[8] Legislation variously describes such instruments as concessions, consents, authorizations, permissions and licenses. With regard to the substance of water rights, they are said to be usufructory or administrative use rights.[9] Are water rights, therefore, property rights? They arguably are water rights despite the fact that they come into being by permit from regulatory or administrative procedures.[10] Intellectual property rights, after all, are also created by administrative procedure, such as patents and trademarks. What is important to note is that although water rights are obtained through administrative or public law based on statute, they possess numerous private property rights attributes (similar to rights in land tenure). Before underscoring the above attributes, it is important to note that modern water rights that are based on statute are pinned on the hydrologic cycle concept. This is the idea that the natural state of water is usually in continuous motion. In effect, therefore, other issues affecting watercourses cannot be isolated from the issuance of water rights and are usually considered together.[11] Accordingly, numerous activities may negatively impact on the flow and quality of water and necessarily, on the water rights existing. These include, but are not limited to extraction of minerals from the water, alterations to banks and beds and diversions of the water. In order for a regime of administrative rights over water to be established, a state must bring the waters under its control. This is achieved through a plethora of varying legal means such as taking water resources under the sovereign right of a state, vesting of water in the presidency on the peoples behalf and by declaration of ownership by the state.[12] The implication of such ownership and control of water is that it applies to all water resources within a countrys jurisdiction including rainwater, groundwater and surface water. This, as contrasted with land tenure rights, hence, excludes the notion that water can genuinely be privately owned. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that water laws essentially provide certain exemptions for uses that would normally necessitate water rights. Sometimes, these entitlements are termed as rights in legislation. For instance, Article 13 of the Albanian Water Law states that the right to freely use surface water for domestic use, livestock watering and drinking belongs to everyone provided that such use does not exceed household and individual needs. In making these entitlements factors such as volume of water to be used and the kinds of activities are considered. Taking the example of Spain, such uses are categorized as common uses and involve watering livestock, bathing, drinking among other domestic uses.[13] In the Saskatchewan province of Canada, exemptions are made based on the size of the parcel that needs watering. At this point, it is important to compare land tenure rights with water rights in order to further clearly understand to what extent water is considered as property. The differences between land rights and water rights obviously emanate from their physical attributes. Land is fixed and immovable while water is mobile, fluid and therefore fugitive in nature. Consequently, land rights are easily conseptualised, established and administered from a legal standpoint compared to water rights. Security A key purpose of tenure rights in general is to confer upon the right holder, a level of legal security to secure favourable conditions for the utility of the resource. For land, the duration of a term may either be limited (as is the case for leases) or unlimited. With water rights, however, the trend in modern times is to limit the time, although certain jurisdictions entertain indefinite durations in water rights.[14] These rights are known as use rights. As will be discussed below in the next section, ownership of flowing water has never been deemed as feasible in the traditions of European water law. With regard to duration of water rights, authorities are required to strike balances between lengthy and short periods in order to maximize on income and investment. For ordinary projects, the term may range from 15-20 years while for colossal projects, the terms may range from 50 to 70 years.[15] With regard to enforcement of water rights against third parties, it is generally difficult to ascertain who is interfering with the water and as such the duty usually lies on the state rather than the rights holder. As regards enforcement against the government, water legislations usually contain regulations. However, it is important to note that water is fluid and not as immovable as land. It is subject to climatic changes and weather. Hence, water legislation will normally contain waivers in cases of force majeure. Also issues such as public interest may sometimes override personal property rights in water.[16] Substance There is never absoluteness in legal rights and water and land are not an exception. In general, holders of land tenure rights usually enjoy the most rights and the fewest obligations. In water rights, however, modern water rights legislation usually contain provisions that require the continued use of the same. Failure to abide by these rules may lead to forfeiture of the rights.[17] Specific use is another key obligation in water legislation. This means that once water rights are obtained, they are supposed to be used for a specific parcel of land.[18] Administration The only similar attribute between land and water administration regimes is that both utilize registers. Otherwise, water rights administration is complex. Since land is fixed and movable, measuring and monitoring it is a fairly easy task. Measuring water rights on the other hand is a relatively complicated exercise that requires continued activity. To ensure that water rights are substantive in con tent, water rights administrations are required to monitor not only the quantities of water in watercourses but also the quality (with regard to solid and liquid waste). Therefore, for administrations to effectively allocate water rights, careful and rigorous planning and continuous monitoring of river and lake basins is required. Common Law As noted earlier in the introduction, Common Law has not acknowledged, in the corpus running of water, private property. [19] The Common Law position is that no individual owns water that is naturally flowing. At Common Law, the rights of land owners to take and utilize water flowing under or over their land (which had not yet entered a lake or waterway), were subjected to certain restrictions.[20] Also, Common Law took cognizance of the rights of riparian landowners to take and utilize water in lakes and waterways.[21] This kind of water is not susceptible of ownership by an individual until the same has validly been taken under the said Common Law rights. That water then becomes the property of the person who takes. The Common Law Doctrine of Riparian Rights The doctrine of riparian rights is basically anchored upon the premise that any individual with ownership and occupation to land that borders a natural stream acquires rights to use the water. Such rights are usually referred to as riparian rights.[22] The riparian owner acquires those rights by virtue of their occupation of the said land. It is noteworthy that riparian rights are appurtenant to, incidental to or attached to riparian land. This was the position that was firmly settled in the case of Chasemore v Richards.[23] For riparian rights to actually accrue to a proprietor, it is essential for the land to be in actual contact with the watercourse, whether vertically or laterally. In the case of Attwood v Llay Main Collieries Ltd[24], Lawrence, J held that the defendants land was too far away from the river bank to sustain riparian rights claim. The learned judge held that whether a land parcel sustains a riparian tenement is a question of fact which is determined on a case by c ase basis. Justice Lawrence further held that although the riparian rights of a proprietor whose land banks upon a tidal river exist jure naturae, it is imperative for the land to be in contact with the river during its ordinary high tides.[25] A proprietor may only attain riparian rights where the water is in a natural watercourse which flows in an ascertained and defined channel ex jure naturae, either below or upon the ground surface.[26] It follows, therefore, that the doctrine of riparian rights has no application in certain circumstances, which are enumerated as follows.[27] Firstly, the doctrine has no application where the surface water flows over an undefined region. Secondly, where there is percolation of underground water through the strata in unidentified and unknown channels, then riparian rights do not accrue. Lastly, a plain and artificial watercourse whose origin and purpose of being built is not known and has gained the character of a natural watercourse over time does not attain riparian rights.[28] In Embery v Owen, Parke B gave a classical dictum that amply defines the context and substance of riparian rights in the following words: The right to have a stream flow in its natural state, without diminution or alteration, is an incident of property in the land through which it passes; but flowing water is publici juris, not in the sense that it is a bonum vacans, to which the first occupant may acquire an exclusive right, but that it is public and common in this sense only, that all may reasonably use it who have a right of access to it, and that none can have any property in the water itself, except in the particular portion which he may choose to abstract from the stream and take into his possession, and that during the time of his possession only. But each proprietor of the adjacent land has the right to the usufruct of the stream which flows through it. With respect to riparian entitlement, every riparian owner is entitled to the stream water on the banks of the river upon which his property lies in the natural flow of the river without sensible increase of diminution and without sensible alteration to the waters quality or character.[29] The implication of this is that a riparian owner may take legal action against persons who pollute the water that runs through his land. The other implication is that statutory bodies that are aware of the pollution and fail to warn the riparian owner may be liable.[30] Indeed, rights go hand in hand with obligations so that those rights do not occasion injury to others. Accordingly, riparian owners also owe obligations, as was held in the case of Mason v Hill.[31] In that decision, Lord Denman stated that the proprietor of a land through which a stream flows has the right to utilize it in a manner that is not inconsistent with other equal proprietors above or below. Hence, the quality and quantity of the water must not be diminished by the riparian proprietors either below or above the stream. With regard to exercise of riparian rights, Common Law recognizes that a riparian proprietor has the right to use, divert or abstract for ordinary or extraordinary uses. In general, ordinary use of the water relates to domestic utility while extraordinary use relates to damming[32], irrigation[33] and manufacturing[34]. It is important to note that at Common Law, lakes are treated same as waterways. Where the land that surrounds a lake is owned by a single owner, then the lakebed is owned by that landowner. Where several landowners abut a lake, it is presumed that the lake bed is owned ad medium filum aquae by the various riparian owners.[35] This general presumption does not seem to apply to New Zealand lakes since the Courts have not clearly established the same. Commentators have expressed doubt as to whether the ad medium filum aquae presumption applies to lakes in New Zealand.[36] However, with regard to water that flows in waterways, the Common Law position is that water in a l ake cannot be owned by anyone. In summary, the above section has enumerated the riparian rights doctrine in a bid to explain the extent to which water is property. From the above, it may be deduced that a riparian owner is entitled to having the water flowing down to his property and enjoying the water in its natural state. The next section discusses statutory law with respect to the extent to which water is considered as property in New Zealand. Statutory and Case Law In New Zealand, all rights to water under Common Law were extinguished by virtue of statutory law and the sole right to discharge into, divert, use, dam and take natural water was forthwith vested in the Crown.[37] Section 354 of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) further reiterates the above position. This position was also affirmed in the authoritative pronunciation of Glenmark Homestead Ltd v. North Canterbury Catchment Board.[38] Sections 14 and 15 of the RMA provides for restrictions on the taking, using and discharging into water unless it is permitted as of right. The law prohibits taking, using and discharging into water save by express authorization of resource consent or other regional rule or plan.[39] It is important to note that the above provisions do not alter the position that no individual can own water itself. The RMA vests unitary authorities and regional councils with the primary responsibility of management of New Zealand freshwater. Hence, those provisions g ive the said bodies power to allocate the use of water among various competing uses such as irrigation, recreation, environmental utility and hydropower usages. The overall effect of the Act is to prevent over-allocation of water as a resource. These bodies give water permits that are usually given consideration in order of who applies.[40] Once a water permit has been issued, a subsequent one cannot issue if the effect thereof would reduce the amount of water required to satisfy the previous consent.[41] Hence, once a catchment is fully allocated, newcomers must either acquire the water permit by transfer of the same of wait out for the current permit to expire. Customary versus Crown Rights to Water In New Zealand, the Maori aver that they have existing customary or aboriginal title to water and that neither statutory nor Common Law abolishes those rights.[42] The New Zealand Court of Appeal has affirmed how the doctrine of Aboriginal title under Common Law applies. Cooke, P of the Court observed that Aboriginal title is a succinct expression that covers rights enjoyed by the indigenous inhabitants of a state over water and land up until it is colonized. The colonizing authority, upon acquiring the territory, whether by annexation, cession, or settlement, acquires radical title that stems from sovereignty. In the case where that authority colonizing is the United Kingdom, then the title is vested in the Crown. However, where there are no special circumstances that displace that principle, that title is subjected to native rights that exist.[43] In other words, the Crown, by virtue of its sovereignty, can extinguish Aboriginal title to water and where that title has not been abol ished, customary title continues to exist provided the relevant communities continue to observe their customs. Indeed, Aboriginal title is recognized by Common Law. However, the specific incidents or attributes of that customary title is dependent not on Common Law but on the indigenous communitys traditions. The extent and type of traditions are matters of fact and are determined on a case by case basis.[44] Accordingly, although ownership of flowing water is not recognized under Common Law, this does not mean that it does not acknowledge customary title, which is similar to ownership. In summary, from the above, ground and surface water is publicly owned in New Zealand. However, for one to divert, discharge, dam or take the water, consent is required. There have been ongoing reforms by the government to review freshwater policy. The government has mandated Regional Councils to set up frameworks and limits for the management of watercourses. Comparative Analysis The United States of America (Oregon) In the United States State of Oregon, the prior appropriation system is used for the apportionment of water for consumption.[45] First come, first right are the words that are used to characterize the system. The system vests in the appropriator a water right temporary in priority, and accords seniority to older rights and junior status to those established more recently.[46] In and of itself, a water right is considered as property but ownership of the water is not a constituent of these rights. A private person only obtains ownership of the water after it is captured. The general rule in the US is that once a person lawfully captures water, it becomes the property of that person subject to the States police power.[47] Before it is captured, surface water from all supply sources is the publics property. Accordingly, contrary to popular belief, all the water in Oregon is not owned by the public. Consequent to the lawful capture of water, it becomes the property of the captor, who is entitled to sell or resell it provided the sale or resale is subject to the conditions of capture or appropriation. Since water that has been captured is the property of the captor, the government must follow the due process of just compensation and the law in the event it seeks to deprive the property owner.[48] This means that the State has the power of regulating how the water is used no matter who the owner is. In flowing streams, the public owns the surface water and have certain rights to utilize the water for common fisheries, transportation and navigation. Public rights are termed as jus publicum and the state holds them as public trust. The law of percolating ground water is more difficult. In Oregon, such water is the property of the surface owner as long as it remains grounded.[49] Such water is regulated by the police power of the State of Oregon.[50] In Australia, legislation vest in the Crown the right to control, use and flow water. These legislation provide for the domestic utility of water where the public has access, redefines and declares riparian rights, establishes licensing schemes for utility of water and proscribe the taking or diverting of water without license.[51] The Courts in Australia have held that native title to water is not necessarily extinguished by legislation although the Crown has supervening rights by virtue of the legislation.[52] The Australian situation differs from the one in New Zealand since the right to use, divert, take and dam water is solely vested in the Crown by virtue of section 354 of the WSCA. The Australian legislation does not contain the word sole. Conclusion This paper has discussed the extent to which water is seen as property. At the onset, the article has established that due to the fugitive attribute of water, ownership over it is difficult to establish. However, this paper has determined that in many jurisdictions, water rights are usufructory in nature, meaning that they are largely use rights and therefore limited. Evermore, this study has found that in the Western States of the American jurisdiction, water captured becomes the property of the captor based on the prior appropriation doctrine. In conclusion therefore, water is property to the extent that permits or rights are obtained over it or in some instances, to the extent that it has been captured. While water rights are fairly complex, they must necessarily be categorised as property rights due to their ability to confer legal rights upon their holders. References A Wisdom, The Law of Rivers and Watercourses, 2nd ed (Shaw Sons Ltd, London 1970) Atkins, H and Wilson, K. Water in Crisis: Improving Water Allocation and Water Pollution Policy in New Zealand. Resource Management Journal (April 2007) pp. 18-22 Bartlett, R. Native Title in Australia. 2nd edn. (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia 2004). Cloran, William F. The Ownership of Water in Oregon: Public Property vs. Private Commodity.Willamette L. Rev.47 (2010): 627 Forbes, Urquhart Atwell.Coulson and Forbes on the law of waters, sea, tidal and inland, and land drainage. Sweet Maxwell, 1952 G Bates, Environmental Law in Australia, 3rd ed (Butterworths, Sydney 1992), at p 34 Gibbs, Meredith, Blake Dawson, and April Bennett. Maori claims to ownership of freshwater. human Resource Management Journal(2007): 13-18 Hobday, S. Coulson and Forbes on the Law of Waters.Sea, Tidal and Inland and Drainage (6th ed, 1952) Hodgson, Stephen.Land and Water--the Rights Interface. No. 84. Food Agriculture Org., 2004 Kalinoe, Lawrence Kuna. Water law and the nature of customary water rights in Papua New Guinea. (1998) p.1 Kirsty Johnston, The War for Water: A Battle at Boiling Point (22 May, 2017). Available at https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11859193. [Accesses on 11th September, 2017] Pita R Sharples, 'Speech: Sharples Federated Farmers AGMSpeech' (4 May2007) S Clark and I Renard, The Framework of Australian Water Legislation And Private Rights (Australian Water Research Council, Melbourne 1972), Vol 1 at pp 51-55 Sax, Joseph L. "The constitution, property rights and the future of water law."U. Colo. l. Rev.61 (1990): 257. In the American water rights context, Joseph Sax opines that although they are created by permit, they are undoubtedly property rights Schroder, M. On the Crest of a Wave: Indigenous Title and Claims to the Water Resources. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law. Vol.8 (2005): 1-54 W Howarth, Wisdoms Law of Watercourses, 5th ed (Shaw Sons Ltd, Crayford 1992) Statutes Albanian Water Law Constitution of South Africa German Water Law Ground Water Act of 1955, OR. REV. STAT. 537.505-537.795 (2009) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 and General Comment 15 on the Covenant Water and Soil Conservation Act 1967, New Zealand Water Resources Act of 1963, England and Wales Cases Aoraki Water Trust v. Meridian Energy Limited [2005] NZLR 268 Attwood v Llay Main Collieries Ltd [1926] 1 Ch 445 Bailey Co v Clark, Son Morland [1902] 1 Ch 649 Belfast Ropeworks v Boyd (1887) 21 LR Ir 560 Chasemore v Richards (1859) 7 HL Cas 349, 11 ER 140 at 153 Dakin v Cornish (1845) 6 Ex 360 Embrey v Owen (1851) 155 ER 579 Glenmark Homestead Ltd v. North Canterbury Catchment Board [1978] 1 NZLR 401 (CA) John Young and Co v Bankier Distillery Co Ltd [1893] AC 691 Mason v Hill (1833) 5 B Ad 1, 110 ER 692 Te Runanga o Te Ika Whenua Inc Soc v Attorney General [1994] 2 NZLR 20, 23-24 (CA [1] S Clark and I Renard, The Framework of Australian Water Legislation And Private Rights (Australian Water Research Council, Melbourne 1972), Vol 1 at pp 51-55. [2] Kirsty Johnston, The War for Water: A Battle at Boiling Point (22 May, 2017). Available at https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11859193. [Accesses on 11th September, 2017]. [4] Hodgson, Stephen.Land and Water--the Rights Interface. No. 84. Food Agriculture Org., 2004. [5] See Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 and General Comment 15 on the Covenant. See also Article 24 of the Constitution of South Africa. [6] Supra note 4, at p.14. [7] Supra note 4, at p.15. [8] Water Administration is the term that is mostly used to refer to those bodies. [9] Supra note 4, at p.16. [10] Sax, Joseph L. "The constitution, property rights and the future of water law."U. Colo. l. Rev.61 (1990): 257. In the American water rights context, Joseph Sax opines that although they are created by permit, they are undoubtedly property rights. [11] Supra note 4, at p.16. [12] Supra note 4, at p.18. [13] Supra note 4, at p.18. [14] See the Water Resources Act of 1963, England and Wales. [15] Supra note 4, at p.21. [16] Supra note 4, at p.21. [17]See the German Water Law. [18] Supra note 4, at p.27. [19] Kalinoe, Lawrence Kuna. Water law and the nature of customary water rights in Papua New Guinea. (1998) p.1. [20] Gibbs, Meredith, Blake Dawson, and April Bennett. Maori claims to ownership of freshwater.Resource Management Journal(2007): 13-18. [21] Ibid. [22] Supra note 16, at 99. [23] (1859) 7 HL Cas 349, 11 ER 140 at 153. Where Lord Wensleydale held that, The subject of rights to streams of water flowing on the surface has been of late years fully discussed, and, by a series of carefully considered judgements, placed on a clear and satisfactory footing. It has been settled that the right to the enjoyment of a natural stream of water on the surface, ex jure naturae, belongs to the proprietor of the adjoining lands, as a natural incident to the right to the soil itself, and that he is entitled to the benefit of it, as he is to all the other advantages belonging to the land of which he is the owner. He has the right to have it come to him in its natural state, in flow, quantity and quality, and to go from him without obstruction, upon the same principle that he is entitled to the support of his neighbours soil for his own in its natural state. His right in no way depends upon prescription or the presumed grant of his neighbour. [24] [1926] 1 Ch 445. [25] W Howarth, Wisdoms Law of Watercourses, 5th ed (Shaw Sons Ltd, Crayford 1992), at pg 68. [26] Hobday, S. Coulson and Forbes on the Law of Waters.Sea, Tidal and Inland and Drainage (6th ed, 1952), at p.130. [27] See Wisdom, A. The Law of Rivers and Watercourses, 2nd ed (Shaw Sons Ltd, London 1970), at p 85. [28] See Bailey Co v Clark, Son Morland [1902] 1 Ch 649. [29] See John Young and Co v Bankier Distillery Co Ltd [1893] AC 691 at 698. [30] G Bates, Environmental Law in Australia, 3rd ed (Butterworths, Sydney 1992), at p 34. [31] (1833) 5 B Ad 1, 110 ER 692 at 698. [32] Belfast Ropeworks v Boyd (1887) 21 LR Ir 560. [33] Embrey v Owen (1851) 155 ER 579. [34] Dakin v Cornish (1845) 6 Ex 360. [35] Forbes, Urquhart Atwell.Coulson and Forbes on the law of waters, sea, tidal and inland, and land drainage. Sweet Maxwell, 1952. [36] Schroder, M. On the Crest of a Wave: Indigenous Title and Claims to the Water Resources. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law. Vol.8 (2005): 1-54. [37] See the Water and Soil Conservation Act 1967, New Zealand, section 21. [38] [1978] 1 NZLR 401 (CA). [39] See 14(3) (b)-(e). [40] Atkins, H and Wilson, K. Water in Crisis: Improving Water Allocation and Water Pollution Policy in New Zealand. Resource Management Journal (April 2007) pp. 18-22. [41] See Aoraki Water Trust v. Meridian Energy Limited [2005] NZLR 268, at para. 62. [42] Pita R Sharples, 'Speech: Sharples Federated Farmers AGMSpeech' (4 May2007). [43] Te Runanga o Te Ika Whenua Inc Soc v Attorney General [1994] 2 NZLR 20, 23-24 (CA). [44] Supra, note 5 at p.6. [45] Cloran, William F. The Ownership of Water in Oregon: Public Property vs. Private Commodity.Willamette L. Rev.47 (2010): 627. [46] Ibid. [47] Ibid. [48] Ibid, at p. 669. [49] Ibid, at p. 628. [50] Ground Water Act of 1955, OR. REV. STAT. 537.505-537.795 (2009). [51] Bartlett, R. Native Title in Australia. 2nd edn. (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia 2004), at p. 632. [52] Ibid.